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Perceptual estimates of spatial dimensions of visual objects depend on their shape and surface attributes. The present psychophysical study emphasizes two main contributors to the Oppel‑Kundt illusion: the outline of the filled space and the mode of filling. In past experiments, both factors have been considered significant. Our experiments were performed by using combined stimuli of the Oppel‑Kundt...
Neural stem/progenitor cells hold valuable potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The modulation of intrinsic growth factor expression, such as neurotrophins and their receptors, is a necessary step in achieving neural stem cells (NSCs) therapy. The statins have recently been reported to provide both anti‑inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In the developing and mature nervous...
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is traumatic central nervous system damage resulting in a motor and sensory dysfunction that usually causes a severe and permanent paralysis. Today, the treatment of SCI principally includes surgical treatment, pharmacological treatments and rehabilitation therapies, which target secondary events determining only some clinical improvements in patients. SCI is still a worldwide...
Enriched environments and exercise provide complex environmental stimulation that can induce emotional and cognitive changes; however, few studies have evaluated the effects of these two components on other behaviours, such as novelty seeking or pain sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of voluntary physical activity provided through different housing conditions...
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse causes adverse neurobehavioral and neurochemical effects. Some herbal components such as crocin have shown neuroprotective properties. The current study evaluates the potential role of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)‑brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in mediating the neuroprotective effects of crocin against MPH‑induced neurotoxicity...
Over the last twenty years chondroitin sulfate (CS) has become a focus of interest of neuroscience due to its indubitable role in shaping axonal growth, synaptic plasticity and glial scar forming. Various patterns of sulfation give rise to various CS molecules with different properties that are capable of interactions with a plethora of molecules, including growth factors, receptors and guidance molecules...
The national incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome has dramatically increased over the last decade due to an increase in antenatal opioid exposure. Recent human and animal studies suggest that antenatal opioid exposure impacts the developing brain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of perinatal methadone exposure on myelination in multiple regions in the developing rat brain...
In the pursuit to clarify the concept of “BCI illiteracy”, we investigated the possibilities of attaining basic binary (yes/no) communication via brain‑computer interface (BCI). We tested four BCI paradigms: steady‑state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP), tactile, visual, and auditory evoked potentials (P300). The proposed criterion for assessing for the possibility of communication are based on the...
Previous studies have shown that Roux‑en‑Y gastric bypass (RYGB), one of the most effective weight loss treatments for obesity, results in neurodegenerative responses in vagal afferent gut‑brain connection reflected by microglia activation and reduced sensory input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). However, it is not known whether RYGB‑induced microglia activation is the cause or an effect...
While the preparatory neural mechanisms of real and imagined body movements have been extensively studied, the underpinnings of self‑initiated, voluntary mental acts are largely unknown. Therefore, using electroencephalography (EEG), we studied the time course and patterns of changes in brain activity associated with purely mental processes which start on their own, without an external or interoceptive...
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